
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune condition in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves. This can lead to symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, and, in severe cases, paralysis. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the chances of recovery. Although it is a rare condition, it can sometimes lead to serious complications. Recently, there is a spurt of GBS cases being reported from Pune and adjoining areas of Maharashtra, with reported complications and mortality. Therefore, it is important to know about this condition and necessary precautions to be taken to protect health of ourselves and our dear ones.
Incidence of GBS and Who is at Risk?
GBS can affect individuals of any age, but it is most commonly seen in people between the ages of 30 and 50. Although rare, it affects approximately 1 in 78,000 people worldwide and approximately 1 in 50,000 people in India each year. In the recent spurt of cases reported in Maharashtra, the State’s Health Department has reported a total of 158 cases (including 38 in the Pune Municipal Corporation area, 18 in Pimpri Chinchwad, and remaining from various villages across the Pune district), as on 3rd Feb 2025; and an investigation is currently underway to ascertain the exact cause of this outbreak.

Symptoms and Progression
Symptoms of GBS appear suddenly and typically start in the feet and legs before progressing to the arms and face. They may include:
- Muscle weakness and tingling (paraesthesia)
- Deep muscular pain, especially in the legs and back
- Difficulty walking or climbing stairs
- Paralysis of the legs, arms, or facial muscles in severe cases
- Difficulty breathing (affecting about one-third of cases)
- Issues with swallowing (dysphagia) and speaking
- Eye movement difficulties and vision problems
Symptoms tend to worsen within the first two to three weeks of onset. Immediate medical attention is crucial if muscle weakness progresses rapidly.
Potential Complications
GBS can impact the autonomic nervous system, leading to serious complications such as:
- Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
- Blood pressure fluctuations
- Problems related to bowel (digestive system)
- Problems related to bladder (voiding control problems)
Causes and Triggers
GBS is a post-infectious, immune-mediated neuropathy. Although its exact cause is
unknown, the GBS often occurs after the following:
- Viral infections such as those due to influenza virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, or Zika virus
- Bacterial infections of respiratory and digestive systems, particularly due to Campylobacter jejuni bacteria
Diagnosis
Healthcare providers diagnose GBS based on symptoms, other medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:
- Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCVs)
- Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to analyse cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- MRI scan to rule out other conditions that may have similar symptoms
Treatment
The mainstay of treatment of GBS focusses on early intervention as it can reduce disease severity and help faster recovery.
Common Treatments:
- Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) that removes harmful antibodies attacking the nerves.
- Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) that helps regulate immune responses to prevent further nerve damage
Management of Complications:
- Mechanical ventilation if respiratory muscles are severely affected
- Blood clot prevention with anticoagulant medications
- Intravenous drips and feeding tubes in cases of swallowing difficulties
- Pain management and supportive care
Rehabilitation and Recovery:
Most people with GBS recover, though it can take weeks to months. Rehabilitation may include:
- Physical therapy to regain muscle strength and improve mobility
- Occupational therapy to assist with daily activities
- Speech therapy if swallowing and speech are affected
- Mobility aids such as braces, walkers, or wheelchairs for temporary support

Prevention and Risk Reduction
While GBS cannot be completely prevented, maintaining a healthy immune system and reducing infection risks can help lower the chances of developing this condition.
Recommended preventive measures include:
- Frequent handwashing to prevent infections
- Avoiding close contact with individuals who have stomach flu or other infections
- Maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise to support immune function
- Regularly disinfecting high-touched surfaces
- Keeping up to date with recommended vaccinations
- Seeking medical assistance promptly in case of suspicion based on symptoms
When to Seek Medical Attention?
If you experience sudden muscle weakness, tingling, or difficulty breathing, seek medical help immediately. Early diagnosis and intervention can prevent severe complications and improve recovery outcomes. For more information, consult your healthcare provider